1) Nouns- Person, place, things, living creature, or idea
ex: Mickael, Liege, Table
Nouns can be common or proper so some may be capitalized while others may not
a) Pronouns- takes the place of or stands in for the noun
ex: I, his, her, it
9 categories of Pronouns
- Subject pronouns: Always function as the subject of the sentence
ex: I, you, she, he, it, you, they
- Objective pronouns: Always function as objects in the sentence
ex: Me, you, him, her, it, us , you, them
- Indefinite pronouns: Can function as the subject or objects & can be both plural or singular (which will determine the if the verb will be singular or plural)
- Relative pronouns: Introduce Relative clauses
ex: that, which, who, whom, whoever, whomever, where
- Demonstrative pronouns: Can function as the subject, object or adjective
ex: This, That, These those
- Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns function as subjects, objects, and adjectives.
ex: mine, my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
- Interrogative pronouns: Used to ask questions, can stand for subjects
ex: who, what, which, whose
- Reflexive pronouns: functions as objects in a sentence
- Intensive pronouns: emphasizes another noun or pronoun
examples for both: Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
2) Adjective- Describes a noun, modifies the noun or pronoun
ex: pink, big, fat
There are 3 types
- Descriptive adjectives: describes the quality of the noun the adjective modifies
ex: Large house, purple plum
- Proper adjectives: formed by using a proper noun or from a proper noun
ex: French pastry, African dance
- Predicate adjectives: follow the noun and are connected to the noun by a linking verb
ex: She seems brave. He looks bored
The 3 articles in English, a, an, and the always functions as adjectives in a sentence
3) Verbs- show what the subject of a sentence does
3 types
- Action verbs: show/demonstrate and action
ex: The phone rang loudly
- Linking or state of being verbs: Don't show an action, explains the condition someone or something is in
ex: The teacher is ill
- Helping or Auxiliary verbs: help describe the main verb
ex: may, might, must, could, would, should, can, will, shall
be, do, have
4) Adverb- modify and describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
most end in -ly
examples: lovely, lonely, friendly, ugly, womanly
Some don't end in -ly
examples: Quite, so, not, never, often, well, soon, always, less, very, also
5) Prepositions- words that connect nouns and pronouns to other words & show the relationship between those words
| about along behind beyond during inside off over to up | above among below but except into on since toward upon | across around beneath by for like onto through under with | after at beside despite from near out throughout underneath within | against before between down in of outside till until without |
These are phrases that begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun & include any words in between.
ex: near him, with her, between you and me, in the village
6) Conjunctions- words that link other words in a sentence & indicate the relationship between those words
4 types
- Coordinating conjunctions- join word or word groups of equal importance
only 7 use FANBOYS to help remember them
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
ex: The boy was crying, for he had fallen and scraped both knees.
She likes tea but not coffee.
- Correlative conjunctions- word pairs that join word or word groups of equal importance
- not only . . . but also
- whether . . . or
- both . . . and
- not . . . but
- either . . . or
- as . . . as
- neither . . . nor
| Addition | Emphasis | Comparison or Contrast | Cause or Effect | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in addition furthermore moreover further | in fact indeed | however nevertheless nonetheless otherwise in contrast in comparison | as a result consequently hence therefore thus | finally meanwhile next |
- Subordinating conjunctions- A word or group of words that introduce a subordinate clause
| Cause or Effect | Concession | Condition | Comparison or Contrast | Purpose | Space or Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| as because since | though although even though even if | if since unless when whenever | while as rather than | in order that so that | before since once after while when until |
7) Interjections- express surprise, emotion or demand attention
ex: Amen! Wow! Hey! Absolutely! Bless you! Ouch!
you should avoid interjections in formal writing
Symbols for parts of speech
| Part of Speech/Sentence | Symbol |
|---|---|
| Subject | S |
| Verb | V |
| Noun | N |
| Pronoun | P |
| Adjective/determiner | ADJ |
| Adverb | ADV |
| Prepositional Phrase | Prep P |
| Conjunction | C |
| Interjection | INT |
What each part of speech does
| Parts of Speech | Jobs They Perform in Sentences |
|---|---|
| Nouns, pronouns | Subjects (the actor/who/what) and Objects (receive the action of the actor) |
| Verbs | Verbs (describe the action of the actor) |
| Adjectives, adverbs, prepositions | Modifiers (add details and description) |
| Conjunctions | Conjunctions (link sentences, words) |
| Interjections | Interjections (exclamations) |
Also many words can multitask and be used as several different parts of speech
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